On June 18, 1923, the cornerstone was laid in the city of Nicaea. A city constructed to accommodate the refugees arriving after the defeat in the Asia Minor Campaign. This was followed by the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne and the compulsory exchange of populations. Simultaneously, the New Ionia neighborhood in Volos was being established. In parallel, the Upper Town of Thessaloniki and New Chora in Chania underwent transformations: sparsely populated Muslim neighborhoods evolved into densely inhabited refugee towns. Four cities that underwent similar metamorphoses to other urban areas.